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Of Course You Want to Buy a Pair of Slinky Fashion Jeans. Slinky Jeans Really

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Slinky
2006-02-04 Metal spiral.jpg

A Slinky made out of metal
Type Leap toy
Inventor(due south) Richard T. James
Land U.s.
Availability 1945–present

A Slinky is a precompressed helical spring toy invented by Richard James in the early 1940s. Information technology can perform a number of tricks, including travelling down a flight of steps cease-over-end as it stretches and re-forms itself with the aid of gravity and its own momentum, or announced to levitate for a period of time after information technology has been dropped. These interesting characteristics have contributed to its success as a toy in its dwelling country of the Us, resulting in many pop toys with slinky components in a broad range of countries.

History [edit]

The Slinky was invented and developed by American naval engineer Richard T. James in 1943 and demonstrated at Gimbels department store in Philadelphia in November 1945. The toy was a hitting, selling its entire inventory of 400 units in 90 minutes. James and his wife Betty formed James Industries in Clifton Heights, Pennsylvania to industry Slinky and several related toys such as the Slinky Dog and Suzie, the Slinky Worm. In 1960, James's wife Betty James became president of James Industries, and, in 1964, moved it dorsum to Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania. In 1998 she sold the visitor to Poof Products, Inc.

The Slinky was originally priced at $1, but many paid much more than due to price increases of leap steel in Pennsylvania. Information technology has, however, remained modestly priced throughout its history every bit a consequence of Betty James' business organization about the toy's affordability for less flush customers. In addition to its use every bit a toy, it has been used equally a classroom teaching tool; as a portable and extendable radio antenna in wartime (particularly the Vietnam State of war); and in NASA physics experiments, [1] when Astronaut Margaret Rhea Seddon demonstrated its behavior in zero gravity during a telecast from the Discovery Space Shuttle in 1985.[ii] It was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame at The Strong in Rochester, New York in 2000. In 2003, it was named to the Toy Industry Association's Century of Toys List.[3] In its first sixty years, about 300 million have been sold.[4]

Creation [edit]

In 1946, Richard T James, a naval mechanical engineer stationed at the William Cramp & Sons shipyards in Philadelphia, was developing springs that could back up and stabilize sensitive instruments aboard ship in rough seas.[5] [half dozen] James "accidentally" knocked one of the springs from a shelf, and watched equally the spring "stepped" in a series of arcs to a stack of books, to a tabletop, and to the floor, where it re-coiled itself and stood upright.[7] [eight] James's wife Betty later recalled, "He came dwelling and said, 'I think if I got the correct holding of steel and the right tension; I could make it walk.'"[9] James experimented with different types of steel wire over the next yr, and finally found a spring that would walk. Betty was dubious at first, but changed her mind after the toy was fine-tuned and neighborhood children expressed an excited interest in information technology.[8] She dubbed the toy Slinky (pregnant "sleek and graceful"), after finding the word in a dictionary,[7] [8] and deciding that the word aptly described the sound of a metal bound expanding and collapsing.[10]

With a USD $500 loan, the couple formed James Industries (originally James Bound & Wire Company), had 400 Slinky units made by a local machine shop, paw-wrapped each in xanthous paper, and priced them at $1 a piece.[8] Each was 2 1⁄ii " tall, and included 98 coils of high-grade bluish-black Swedish steel.[eleven] The Jameses had difficulty selling Slinky to toy stores only, in November 1945, they were granted permission to prepare an inclined plane in the toy department of Gimbels department shop in Philadelphia to demonstrate the toy. Slinky was a striking, and the commencement 400 units were sold within 90 minutes.[eight] [eleven] In 1946, Slinky was introduced at the American Toy Fair.

Subsequent developments [edit]

Richard James opened store in Albany, New York, after developing a motorcar that could produce a Slinky within seconds.[seven] [11] The toy was packaged in a black-lettered box, and advertisement saturated America. James often appeared on television shows to promote Slinky. In 1952, the Slinky Dog debuted. Other Slinky toys introduced in the 1950s included the Slinky train Loco, the Slinky worm Suzie, and the Slinky Crazy Eyes, a pair of glasses that uses Slinkys over the eyeholes attached to plastic eyeballs. James Industries licensed the patent (U.s. 2,415,012) to several other manufacturers including Wilkening Mfg. Co. of Philadelphia and Toronto which produced spring-centered toys such equally Mr. Wiggle's Leap Frog and Mr. Jerk'due south Cowboy.[11] In its first 2 years, James Industries sold 100 million Slinkys (At $1 apiece, that would be the equivalent to $6 billion, adjusted for inflation, in gross revenue over those five years).[8]

In 1960 Richard James left the company after his wife filed for divorce and he became an evangelical missionary in Bolivia with Wycliffe Bible Translators.[12] Betty James managed the company, juggled creditors, and in 1964 moved the company to Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania. Richard James died in 1974. The company and its product line expanded under Betty James's leadership.[eight] In 1995, she explained the toy's success to the Associated Press by maxim, "Information technology's the simplicity of it."[13]

Betty James insisted upon keeping the original Slinky affordable. In 1996, when the price ranged from $1.89 to $2.69, she told The New York Times: "Then many children can't have expensive toys, and I feel a real obligation to them. I'm appalled when I become Christmas shopping and $60 to $eighty for a toy is null." In 2008, Slinkys toll $4 to $5, and Slinky Dogs almost $20.[14]

In 1998 James Industries was sold to Poof Products, Inc. of Plymouth, Michigan, a manufacturer of foam sports balls.[eight] [14] Slinky continued production in Hollidaysburg.[viii] In 2003, James Industries merged with Poof Products, Inc., to create Poof-Slinky, Inc.

Betty James died of congestive heart failure in November 2008, historic period 90, subsequently having served as president of James Industries from 1960 to 1998.[14] Over 300 million Slinkys have been sold between 1945 and 2005, and the original Slinky is still a bestseller.[8] [xi]

In July 2020, the Slinky brand was sold to Simply Play.[15]

Physical properties [edit]

The rules that govern the mechanics of a slinky are Hooke'due south law and the effects of gravitation.

Menstruum of oscillation [edit]

Due to simple harmonic motion the period of oscillation of a dangling Slinky is

T = 2 π m yard , {\displaystyle T=2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {g}{m}}},}

where T is the time of the menstruum of oscillation, 1000 is the Slinky's mass, and one thousand is its spring constant.

Equilibrium [edit]

In the state of equilibrium of a slinky, all internet force is cancelled throughout the entire slinky. This results in a stationary slinky with cipher velocity. Equally the positions of each part of the slinky is governed by the slinky's mass, the force of gravity and the spring constant, diverse other properties of the slinky may be induced. The length of an arcadian slinky extended under its own weight, bold the fully compressed length is negligible, is

L = W 2 grand , {\displaystyle L={\frac {W}{2k}},}

where Fifty is the length of the slinky, West is the weight of the slinky, and k is the bound constant of the slinky.

Due to the effect of gravity, the slinky appears bunched up towards the lesser terminate, every bit governed by the equation

p ( n ) = L ( north − one ) 2 . {\displaystyle p(n)=L(northward-1)^{2}.}

Where northward is a dimensionless variable, 0 ≤north ≤ ane, with n = 0 respective to the meridian of the slinky and northward = one existence the bottom. Each intermediate value of n corresponds to the proportion of the slinky'south mass above that betoken n, and p(n) gives the position that n is in a higher place the bottom of the slinky.

This quadratic equation means that rather than the center of mass being at the middle of the slinky, it lies ane quarter of the length to a higher place the bottom end,

p ( 1 2 ) = L ( 1 two − one ) 2 = L four . {\displaystyle p\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right)=50\left({\frac {1}{2}}-1\correct)^{2}={\frac {Fifty}{4}}.}

Phenomena [edit]

Flight of stairs [edit]

When set in move on a stepped platform such as a stairway, the slinky transfers energy along its length in a longitudinal moving ridge. The whole bound descends end over end in a journal motion as if it were "walking" down one footstep at a time.[16]

Levitation [edit]

When the top finish of the Slinky is dropped, the data of the tension change must propagate to the bottom end before both sides brainstorm to fall; the top of an extended Slinky will drop while the bottom initially remains in its original position, compressing the spring.[17] This creates a suspension time of ~0.3 s for an original Slinky,[18] [nineteen] but has potential to create a much larger suspension time. A suspended Slinky's center of mass is accelerating downward at about 32 feet per second per 2d (i.e., grand); when released - the lower portion moves upwards toward the top portion with an equivalent, constant upward acceleration equally the tension is relieved. Every bit the leap contracts, every point along its length will advance downward with gravity and tension, and feel a subtract in overall downward dispatch related to pinnacle along the spring due to the spring force changing with extension- at the bottom of the bound the upward initial acceleration reduces in accord with Hooke's police force as the jump contracts, but the middle toward which information technology is moving gets closer- meaning the base will have been displaced sufficiently toward the centre of inertial mass for information technology to appear to take hung however. Should this phenomenology extend to very low-cal strings with heavy suspended masses (which have approximately linear tension distributions), different mathematics would be needed to explicate the miracle.

Commercial history [edit]

Jingle [edit]

The jingle for the Slinky television receiver commercial was created in Columbia, Due south Carolina in 1962 with Johnny McCullough and Homer Fesperman writing the music and Charles Weagly penning the lyrics. It became the longest-running jingle in ad history.[8]

The jingle has itself been parodied and referenced in popular culture. It is seen in the "Log" commercial on The Ren & Stimpy Show and sung past actor Jim Carrey in Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls. The vocal is also referenced in the movie Lords of Dogtown, where information technology is sung in total past Emile Hirsch, and is sung by Eddie Potato equally function of the final routine in the stand-up one-act movie Eddie Murphy Raw.

Slinky Canis familiaris [edit]

Early on in the history of James Industries, Helen Herrick Malsed of Washington country sent the visitor a alphabetic character and drawings for developing Slinky pull-toys. The company liked her ideas, and Slinky Dog and Slinky Train were added to the company'due south product line. Slinky Dog, a small plastic domestic dog whose forepart and rear ends were joined by a metal Slinky, debuted in 1952. Malsed received royalties of $60,000 to $70,000 annually for 17 years on her patent for the Slinky pull-toy idea, but never visited the plant.[20]

In 1995, the Slinky Canis familiaris (voiced by Jim Varney and Blake Clarke) was redesigned for all of Pixar'south Toy Story and Toy Story Alive Action movies. James Industries had discontinued their Slinky Dog a few years previously. Betty James approved of the new Slinky Canis familiaris, telling the press, "The before Slinky Dog wasn't nearly every bit cute every bit this one." The molds used in manufacturing the new toy created problems for James Industries, so the plastic forepart and rear ends were manufactured in Red china with James Industries doing the assembly and packaging. The entire run of 825,000 redesigned Slinky Dogs sold out well earlier Christmas 1995.[21]

Plastic Slinky [edit]

Rainbow colored plastic Slinky toy

Plastic Slinkys are also available. They can exist made in dissimilar colors. Many of them are made with the colors of the rainbow in rainbow order. They were marketed in the 1970s as a safer alternative to metal slinkys as they did not present a take chances when inserted into electrical sockets. The plastic spring toy, known as the Plastic Slinky was invented by Donald James Reum Sr. of Master Mark Plastics in Albany, Minnesota. Reum came up with the idea as he was playing with different techniques to produce a spiral hose for watering plants. However, every bit information technology came off the assembly line, according to his children, it looked more than like a "Slinky." He worked at information technology until it came out perfectly and so went to Betty James with his image. Reum manufactured the Plastic Slinky for Betty James for several years. Somewhen Betty James decided to manufacture the product exclusively through James manufacturing, effectively ending the production of the toy by the small Minnesota company. Reum's patent number, 4120929 was filed on Dec 28, 1976 and issued past the US Patent Office on October 17, 1978.[22]

Awards and honors [edit]

In 1999, the Us Post issued a Slinky postage stamp.[23] The Slinky was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame in 2000 in their Celebrate the Century stamp series. A bill to nominate the slinky as the state toy of Pennsylvania was introduced by Richard Geist in 2001 only not enacted.[24] The same year, Betty James was inducted into the Toy Industry Association's Hall of Fame.[14] In 2003, Slinky was named to the Toy Industry Clan's "Century of Toys List", a roll call of the 100 most memorable and about creative toys of the twentieth century.[25]

Other uses [edit]

Loftier school teachers and college professors have used Slinkys to simulate the properties of waves,[26] [27] United States troops in the Vietnam State of war used them every bit mobile radio antennas[28] (as have amateur radio operators[29] [thirty]), and NASA has used them in zero-gravity physics experiments in the Infinite Shuttle.[7]

Slinkys and similar springs tin can be used to create a 'light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation gun' like sound effect.[31] This is done by property up a slinky in the air and striking ane end, resulting in a metal tone which sharply lowers in pitch. The outcome can be amplified by attaching a plastic cup to one terminate of the Slinky.

In 1959, John Cage composed an avant garde work called Sounds of Venice scored for (amongst other things) a piano, a slab of marble and Venetian broom, a birdcage of canaries, and an amplified Slinky.[32]

Metallic Slinky tin can exist used equally an antenna - it resonates between 7 and viii MHz. During Vietnam war it was used every bit a portable antenna for local HF advice. This setup had many advantages over a long wire shot from M79 grenade launcher: pocket-size dimensions, fast and tranquility installation, reusability, good takeoff angle for local advice and good plenty performance. It was also used to extend range of a handheld radio.[33]

In 1985 in conjunction with the Johnson Space Heart and the Houston Museum of Natural Scientific discipline, Discovery astronauts created a video demonstrating how familiar toys behave in infinite. "It won't slink at all," Dr. M. Rhea Seddon said of Slinky, "Information technology sort of droops." The video was prepared to stimulate involvement in school children nearly the basic principles of physics and the miracle of weightlessness.[34]

In 1992, the Bishop Museum in Honolulu, Hawaii, hosted an interactive traveling exhibit developed past the Franklin Found of Philadelphia, chosen "What Makes Music?" Among other things, visitors could examine what makes musical sound past creating waves on an eight-pes-long version of a Slinky toy.[35]

Several online videos have shown the Slinky interim as an excellent squirrel deterrent for bird feeders when mounted on the pole of the bird feeder to prevent squirrels from climbing up the pole to reach the bird feeders.[36]

References [edit]

  1. ^ "nasa.org". world wide web.nasa.org . Retrieved 2021-xi-02 .
  2. ^ "The Accidental Invention of the Slinky".
  3. ^ "Toy Industry Clan Announces Its 'Century of Toys Listing'" (Press release). Toy Industry Association. 2003-01-20. Archived from the original on 2003-04-01.
  4. ^ Fabry, Merrill (2015-11-27). "How the Slinky Sprang Into Stores lxx Years Ago". Time . Retrieved 2018-01-03 .
  5. ^ Dow, Sheila; Noce, Jaime East., eds. (2002). Business Leader Profiles for Students. Vol. ii. Detroit: Gale. pp. 238–241. ISBN978-0-7876-6615-6.
  6. ^ Hunter, Ron; Waddell, Michael E. (2008). Toy Box Leadership: Leadership Lessons from the Toys You Loved as a Child. Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson. p. 22. ISBN978-0-7852-2740-3 . Retrieved 2010-02-04 .
  7. ^ a b c d "Inventor of the Week: The Slinky". MIT School of Technology. Archived from the original on 2009-02-22. Retrieved 2009-02-24 .
  8. ^ a b c d e f thousand h i j k Walsh, Tim (2005). Timeless Toys: Classic Toys and the Playmakers Who Created Them. Andrews McMeel Publishing. pp. 62–65. ISBN978-0-7407-5571-2.
  9. ^ Przybys, John (March 1, 1998). "Novel Ideas". Las Vegas Review-Journal . Retrieved 2010-02-04 .
  10. ^ Barnes, Julian E. (2001-01-28). "A Name, a Name, Destined for Fame". The New York Times . Retrieved 2009-02-26 .
  11. ^ a b c d e Rich, Mark (2005). Warman's 101 Greatest Babe Boomer Toys. Iola, Wisconsin: KP Books. pp. 58–59. ISBN0-89689-220-four.
  12. ^ "'Slinky' brainchild". Delaware County Daily Times . Retrieved 2014-01-25 .
  13. ^ "Betty James, who cofounded Slinky company, dies". KXMB-TV. Associated Press. 2008-xi-22. Retrieved 2009-02-25 .
  14. ^ a b c d Hevesi, Dennis (2008-11-25). "Betty James, Who Named the Slinky Toy, Is Expressionless at 90". The New York Times . Retrieved 2009-02-25 .
  15. ^ "Simply Play Acquires the Slinky and Shrinky Dinks Brands". July 2020.
  16. ^ Ikenson, Ben. Patents: Ingenious Inventions: How They Piece of work and How They Came to Be.
  17. ^ Slinky drop physics - video of extended Slinky being dropped. Discover mag. 26 September 2011.
  18. ^ Cross, Rod C.; Wheatland, Mike S. (22 Aug 2012). "Modeling a falling slinky". American Periodical of Physics. 80 (12): 1051. arXiv:1208.4629. Bibcode:2012AmJPh..80.1051C. doi:x.1119/ane.4750489. S2CID 33704140.
  19. ^ Cross, Rod C.; Wheatland, Mike S. (2012). "Modeling a falling slinky". American Journal of Physics. American Clan of Physics Teachers. 80 (12): 1051. arXiv:1208.4629. Bibcode:2012AmJPh..80.1051C. doi:10.1119/one.4750489. S2CID 33704140.
  20. ^ McDowell, Edwin (1998-11-28). "Helen H. Malsed, 88, Creator of Slinky Toys". The New York Times . Retrieved 2009-02-26 .
  21. ^ Witchel, Alex (1996-02-21). "Talking Toys with Betty James; Persevering for Family and Slinky". The New York Times . Retrieved 2009-02-26 .
  22. ^ U.s.a. patent 4120929, Reum, Donald James, "Method for producing a spirally wound plastic article", issued 17 October 1978
  23. ^ Sourcebook for Receptive and Expressive Language. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press. 2006. p. 106. ISBN0-8143-3314-1 . Retrieved 2009-02-25 .
  24. ^ "Regular Session 2001–2002, Firm Bill 1893". Pennsylvania Full general Associates. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  25. ^ "Toy Industry Association Announces Its Century of Toys List" (Press release). Business organization Wire for Toy Industry Clan. 2003-01-21. Retrieved 2009-02-19 .
  26. ^ "ALEX - Alabama Learning Exchange". alex.state.al.us . Retrieved 19 February 2018.
  27. ^ Communications, Texas A&M Engineering (31 January 2018). "Student Services - Higher of Engineering". essap.tamu.edu . Retrieved 19 February 2018.
  28. ^ Lallensack, Rachael. "The Accidental Invention of the Slinky". Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 2020-10-xx .
  29. ^ "Slinky-scroll dipole". www.nonstopsystems.com . Retrieved nineteen February 2018.
  30. ^ http://mw5hoc.4t.com/custom2.html
  31. ^ "the experiMENTALS: experiments - light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation catechism sound effect - The Lab - Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Gateway to Science". www.abc.net.au . Retrieved 19 February 2018.
  32. ^ Fetterman, William (1996). John Cage'south Theatre Pieces. Routledge. p. 36. ISBN3-7186-5642-6.
  33. ^ Last-Minute Survival Secrets: 128 Ingenious Tips to Endure the Coming Apocalypse and Other Minor Inconveniences . Chicago Review Press, Incorporated. 2015. p. 24. ISBN9781613749852.
  34. ^ "Toy Time in Space". The New York Times. 1985-04-sixteen. Retrieved 2009-02-26 .
  35. ^ "Honolulu Exhibit Makes Music". The New York Times. 1992-08-02. Retrieved 2009-02-26 .
  36. ^ "Woman uses Slinky to go on squirrels from bird feeder". 21 Dec 2016.

External links [edit]

  • Poof-Slinky, Inc
  • University of Sydney - home establishment of slinky physics researchers

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